Du Chatelet Argument For The Existence Of God Essay

Du Chatelet argument for the existence of God is a cosmological argument: 1. Something exists. 2. Since something exists, something must have existed from eternity. 3. Either an infinite chain of (contingent) beings existed from all eternity or being that exists by its own volition. 4. Even an infinite chain of contingent beings might not have existed and therefore does not explain for the existence of the world. 5. Therefore, only a necessary being can explain the existence of the world. Du Chatalet begins her cosmological argument by stating a base assumption that something exists because I exist. From this foundation, du Chatalet argues that, because something exists, that something must have existed eternally. If this is not the case, then that something would have sprung forth from nothing, which is a contradiction in terms [Ex Nihilos Nihil Fit]. The something which has existed eternally cannot owe its existence to an external cause, for if that something was created by something else, then it would follow that this chain would continue on ad infinitum. For everything in that infinite chain would owe its existence to something else. As this chain of beings would culminate into being produced by nothing, which is again a contradiction in terms, it follows that the being which exists without cause must be God. Therefore, God must exist; to argue otherwise would be a contradiction. Du Chatalet believed in the interconnected nature of everything, all stemming eitherShow MoreRelatedMWDS Candide4817 Words   |  20 Pagesspecifically the concept of a constitutional monarchy and support for the freedoms of speech and religion, as well as the works of Shakespeare and Isaac Newton. He later returned to France, moving into a new home, Chateau de Cirey, with his wife, Emilie du Chatelet. The relationship between the two was highly intellectual, as they were both deeply intrigued by history, philosophy, and Newtonian physics. Greatly influenced by his earlier stay in England, Voltaire began to develop some of the ideas for which

Themes Of Individualism And Carpe Diem Developed From The...

Walt Whitman, a poet, celebrated himself and his connection with the world by writing â€Å"Song of Myself† in 1855. â€Å"Throughout the poem, Whitman probes the question of how large the new democratic self can become before it dissipates into contradiction and fragmentation, and each time he seems to reach the limit, he dilates even more† (Forsythe). The poem shaped the idea of what it meant to be an American, by bringing citizens together. It also foreshadowed the Civil War, which began in 1961. In â€Å"Song of Myself,† Whitman’s themes of individualism and carpe diem developed from the transcendentalist movement. The transcendentalist movement developed in the late 1820s and 30s in the Eastern region of the United States. Transcendentalism describes equal men and women who contain knowledge about the world around them. Instead of logic, this knowledge comes through imagination. An idea from this movement is how Americans trust themselves to be their own authority through ethics. A transcendentalist accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a transcendentalist, urged Americans to stop looking to Europe for inspiration and to be themselves. He believed that everyone possessed natural goodness and potential. Henry David Thoreau practiced transcendentalism as well when he went to Walden Pond, where he tried to live without society. â€Å"He wrote about the simplicity and unity of all things in nature, his faith in humanity, andShow MoreRelatedPeace Through Self Reliance And Carpe Diem923 Words   |  4 PagesPeace Through Self-Relianc e and Carpe Diem Walt Whitman, a democratic poet, celebrated himself and his connection with the world by writing â€Å"Song of Myself† in 1855. According to Eric Forsythe, â€Å"Throughout the poem, Whitman probes the question of how large the new democratic self can become before it dissipates into contradiction and fragmentation, and each time he seems to reach the limit, he dilates even more† (Forsythe). The poem shaped the idea of what it meant to be an American, by bringing

Letter to reverend Brown Essay Example For Students

Letter to reverend Brown Essay The objective of my first assignment was to write a piece of text reverend Brown could have written just before his departure. In chapter 21 can be found that the reverend cares a great deal about his mission and thus the people of Umofia. Therefore, he would want the mission to be succesful after his departure too. One way of contributing to this would be to write a letter to his successor in which he gives advice on how to deal with the Ibo people succesfully. This precisely is my frist written task. To make it seem as if it were reverend Brown who has written the letter I had to use a certain style of writing which differs from my personal language style. This has two reasons. First of all, the novel i things fall aparti is set in the end of the nineteenth centrury. Even though many words we use today already excisted in that period, the vocabulary most commonly used was different. In order to reproduce this, I have tried to use more i old-fashioned synonyms of words. A strong example of this is the word well-nigh in the first paragraph which is an old-time way of saying nearly. Also, written sentences often had a rather complex structure in those days. I have tried to write similar sentences, but I havent always fully succeeded. A complicating factor might have been that the novel itself isnt written in the nineteenth century style of writing which meant that I couldnt take this literary option as an example. The second reason why the style of writing is different is because reverend Brown is a very religious man. In his life, he mainly would have read religious texts which often are full of metaphors. This would have influenced his own style of writing. Therefore I used quite a number of religious metaphors in the letter such as calling the leader of the church a herder and the convents his flock. In content too, the letter had to reflect reverend Browns ideas.. In order to achieve this I have read chapter 21 carefully extracting Browns beliefs on what the people of Umofia are like and how to best deal with them. For example in the second paragraph I have written that the religion of the Ibo people is one of fear. This is derived from what Akkuna says halfway though the chapter we are afraid to worry their master. This processing of ideas derived from the text not only makes the letter more credible, it also demonstrates an understanding of the novel. Emma Bornebroek Assignment Dear Reverend Smith, My name is Jacob Brown and I am the current missionary in the West-African Ibo village to which you will be send out shortly. At your arrival in Umofia you will not find raw soil. I have been spreading the word of God in this town for well-nigh four years now. Sadly, this epoch in my life will soon come to an end as I can no longer ignore signs indicating a worsening health. No doubt, going elsewhere is a step that needs to be taken, but the departure of my physical appearance should not be accompanied by the knowledge I have gained. Therefore, I am writing you this letter regarding my experiences and advices on how to make the sown seeds sprout here in Umofia. Over the years I have learned a lot by talking with several important tribesmen. Repeatedly, religion was the subject of these conversations, and despite the graceless conceptions of these men the dialogues always remained peaceful as I refrained from becoming too zealous. This way, peace was kept between both parties which is of crucial importance in the process of cultivation. If the wrath of the clan is provoked, they will turn their back to all thats true. Therefore, not only should the shepherd be careful himself, its sometimes too eager flock must also be constrained. This will avoid people feeling too greatly overwhelmed by this new era of God. What too, Ive learned from the conversations, is that the religion of the Ibo people is one of fear. They feel as if under constant threat of those they worship. .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .postImageUrl , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:hover , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:visited , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:active { border:0!important; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:active , .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucaa0354ddcdca7db342ef2248d2f382d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How do the writers of four poems reveal their attitudes to nature EssayFor these people the Lord can bring consolation and comfort, but often they are too afraid to reach out for the hand held before them. Afraid not only of their deceitful gods, but afraid too of their doubtful relatives. Hence, before new members can be embraced trust must be gained. Here again, peaceful communication with leaders of the tribe is essential. All people in the clan look up at them and honor their beliefs. If they see that their leaders have accepted the church then they too, will. Naturally, success cant be accomplished by discourse only. The people should also experience what proper civilization is capable of bringing them. This can be achieved by combining spreading-word with more physical developments. By this, I mean matters such as building schools, and creating trading centers. This has already happened in Umofia but progression should not stop after constructing the buildings as they are merely empty shells. It are the teachers together with the students which can make a school to a success. Here, not many attended the institution at first, but I kept stimulating the native people to send their children to school. Now, having proven their advantages, growing numbers of pupils are send to the school thus also showing that the people have come to trust the church. This has also proven to be a great gain as it offers the people necessary skills for reading the Bible. Yet, even when one makes use of all these methods, guiding the Ibo people to the right path can be a challenging mission at times. Therefore, it should not be expected that it can be accomplished in a short period. Long ways have already been covered in Umofia but even longer paths are still to be walked. In doing this, patience will be a inescapable virtue, but with the help of God I am certain you will be able to continue growing the seeds sown in Umofia. God bless you, Reverend Brown Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate Languages section.

Public Administration Officers

15 Types of Documents

15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents 15 Types of Documents By Mark Nichol Many terms exist that distinguish one form of documentation from another. Here are some words for specific documents, with explanations of their functions as well as additional definitions of the terms. 1. Bond: an agreement made binding by a payment of money if the agreement is not honored; also, an adhesive, restraining, or uniting element, force, or object, or, as a verb, to create such an effect 2. Certificate: a document attesting that something is true or someone is qualified, or proving debt or ownership, or, as a verb, to certify 3. Charter: a written contract or instrument, or grant or guarantee, that defines conditions, privileges, or rights, or a lease of all or part of a vessel, or, as a verb, to confer such an agreement, or to offer for hire 4. Compact: an agreement (related but not identical to compact, meaning â€Å"dense†) 5. Constitution: a written instrument detailing a political or social entity’s rules and the rights of its citizens or members, the laws or principles of such an entity, or any custom or law; also, the composition or establishment of something 6. Contract: a document detailing an agreement, often enforceable by law, between people or parties, or the agreement itself, or, as a verb, to enter into an agreement; also, in criminal jargon, an arrangement to assassinate someone 7. Covenant: a document recording a formal binding agreement, or the agreement itself, or an action to remedy breach of such an agreement, or, as a verb, to make such an agreement 8. Diploma: usually refers to a record of a degree earned from an educational institution, although it also applies rarely in general to a document conferring an honor or privilege or to an official document 9. Guarantee: a written or stated agreement about possessing or using something or about the longevity or quality of a product, or the agent of such as agreement, or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 10. Guaranty: synonymous with guarantee, but also an agreement to be responsible for payment of a debt or performance of a duty, or a pledge (see below), or, as a verb, to provide such an agreement 11. License: a document or other item that is evidence of the granting of a license, or the authority to engage in an activity, or assignment of some or all rights by a patent or copyright holder to another, or, as a verb to grant such a document; also, straying from artistic forms or standards and, generally, freedom or permission to act, or, specifically, irresponsibly or with disregard for standards (in the latter senses, also referred to as licentiousness) 12. Passport: a document authorizing the bearer to pass into and out of sovereign nations, or, as a verb to send or take items through a country; also, generally, authorization or permission to travel, or, figuratively, something that enables achievement of a goal 13. Pledge: a binding promise to do or not do something, or a contract for performance of an act or security of a debt, or the security itself, or, as a verb, to agree to such a promise or contract 14. Surety: synonymous with guarantee or pledge, or certainty, confidence, or the foundation of confidence or security 15. Warrant: a document assigning authority to do or act, or, as a verb, to assure, declare, or guarantee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

The Origin Of Islam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Origin Of Islam - Term Paper Example But, after the death of Muhammed, Allah’s peace be upon him, every revelation were inscribed by the believers on barks, stones, and the modern times writing paper in the hope of passing the teachings on to the subsequent generations. In 1935, the first English translation was attempted bringing more people into the faith. Body Based on the revelation of Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, in the Qur’an, Islam as the religion of mankind was first taught by Allah, praise and glory is only due to Him, to Adam and Eve, Allah’s peace upon them, with the following words: â€Å"And if as is sure there comes to you guidance from Me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve† Sii: 38 (Ali, 1935). â€Å"But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the fire; they shall abide therein† Sii: 39 (Ali, 1935). This marked the beginning of Islam for mankind when men and women were sent down on the surface of the earth. This was after Adam and Eve fell for disobedience. Along the way, generations after generations, not the whole of mankind remembered to pass on the faith to their progenies. Then Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, was born to a family in Ur, Karbala, Iraq. "We gave him Isaac and Jacob: All (three) We guided: and before him, We guided Noah, and among his progeny, David, Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses, and Aaron: Thus do we reward those who do good: And Zachariya and John, and Jesus and Elias: All in the ranks of the righteous: And Ismail and Elisha, and Jonas and Lot; and to all we gave favour above the nations" Sii: 84-86 (Ali, 1935). At about the age of maturity, after a long search for whom to worship, Abraham, Allah's peace upon him, received a revelation from Allah, glory to Him: "And who turns away from the religion of Abraham but such as debase their souls with folly Him We chose and rendered pure in this world: and he will be in the hereafter in the ranks of the righteous" Sii: 130 (Ali, 1935). "Behold! His Lord said to him: 'Bow (thy will to me):' He said: I bow (my will) to the Lord and Cherisher of the Universe" Sii: 131(Ali, 1935). "And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; 'Oh my sons! God hath chosen the faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of Islam" Sii: 132 (Ali, 1935). The above quotations are the faithful English translation in 1935 of the Arabic Qur'an. The Arabic version was revealed during the time when people were left groping in the dark after about 500 years when Jesus the son of Mary left earth. This exact revelation marked the reappearance of Islam. This was revealed to the prophet Muhammed s.a.w. in 500 A.D.Subsequently, the following revelations confirmed Abraham's leadership of Islam as the religion reappeared guided by Allah s.w.a.: "He said: 'I will make thee an Imam to the nations.' He pleaded: 'And also (Imams) from my offspring!' He answered: 'but My promise is not within the reach of evil-doers.' Sii: 124 (Ali, 1935). Conclusion Islam as a religion of Muslims dates back to the time of the prophets Adam and Eve, Allah's peace upon them, which prominently reappeared during Abraham's civilization unto his progeny. Reference Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. 1935. Qur'an. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Arabia.

Pay as Motivator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pay as Motivator - Essay Example Skinner's reinforcement theory (1953) is perhaps the foundation for every study on the matter. By stating that behaviour can be shaped, changed, or maintained through positive and negative reinforcement, he implied that people can be made to behave in certain ways using levers of motivation. Later studies merely attempted to find what those levers were. Maslow (1954) proposed five levers he called human needs, with the lowest being physiological, and self-actualisation the highest; in between are the safety, social, and esteem needs. He said meeting these needs is the motivational key, which leads others to ask: if pay helps meet each of these needs, why is it that even highly-paid CEOs continue to milk their corporate cow, sometimes fatally Pay does not seem to give the complete answer. Perhaps Herzberg (1959) had an answer in his hygiene and motivational factors. He argued that a worker would be satisfied if the motivation factors are met, but not if hygiene factors are unmet. However, hygiene factors do not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. And like these other content theories, MacGregor's (1960) simplistic categorisation of employees does not fully explain the behaviour of greedy managers who used to be honest. An interesting trilogy of process theories (Adams, 1963; Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968) goes beyond the tangible and crosses the line into the realm of the mystical. Balance (Adams's Equity Theory), values and beliefs (the expectancy and instrumentality of Vroom), and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation (Porter and Lawler) point out that money is important, but there are others of greater value that managers need to know about workers so they can trigger the right behaviour. Fifteen years (1953-1968) of research concluded that to motivate others, one has to find out why people do the things they do. And now, some four decades later, as researchers continue investigating the human psyche in search of answers, the list of motivational levers just keeps on getting longer. Pay has never been near the top of the list, superseded by more important ones like job security, the loftiness of goals, and the meaningfulness of work (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999; Gagne and Deci, 2005). Are these findings supported by empirical evidence in the real world of the workplace We find out by looking at two well-known U.K. companies: The Royal Mail Holdings plc, a government-owned firm, and J. Sainsbury plc, the publicly listed owner of the third largest supermarket chain in the U.K. Both companies, just getting out of a serious business crisis, offer us a good look at the "pay as motivator" issue by considering the behaviour of managers and workers. We may find some evidence of how our motivation beast really looks like, discover whether the theories are right and, if not, gain some practical lessons from this exercise. The Reality: Hard Facts The Royal Mail Experience The Royal Mail is a 370-year old organisation that began when King Charles I introduced the postal services in Britain (Steven-Jones, 2004, p. 8-9). It was a government monopoly until the passage of the Postal Services Act of 2000 that liberalised the U.K. postal services market. The law was the culmination of several factors, but what triggered it was an event that took place three decades earlier, when in 1971 postal workers staged a six-week strike that threatened to cripple the