Cultural Impact of Hinduism in India Essay -- Cause Effect India Essay

Cultural Impact of Hinduism in India Huge population, pollution, peace, snakes, saris, dance, curry, and religion are probably the most popular words that come up when we think about India. India is a well-known country. Although it is a relatively poor country, it has a rich and diverse culture. India is populated by approximately 953 million people. It has been a home for many religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity. The first four mentioned above originated in India (Finegan 151). Seventy percent of the populations are Hindus. In fact, Hinduism is the oldest and third largest religion in the world. Hinduism has deeply influenced Indian society, for several reasons: it has a long history in this place, it is related to the social status of Indians, and it is integrated with the cultural aspects in India. Hinduism has faith in the deity that is visualized in a triad. They are Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; and Siva, the destroyer. The article about Hinduism in the www.religioustolerance.org states that there are thousands of gods that Hindus believe, but generally there are two major sects in Hinduism; the Vaishnavaism – esteems Vishnu as the supreme god, and Shivaism – esteems Siva as the supreme god. Like other religions, Hinduism has books that give its followers directions for living. They are the Vedas and Upanishads, and epics such as Mahabarata, Ramayana, and Bhagwad Gita. The Vedas is the most fundamental book for Hindus. It was dictated by the god Syva's son, named Ganesha. In Hinduism, the basic goals of life called purushartha or "The Four Ends of Man," include dharma (acting righteously and fulfilling one's duties), artha (money, prosperity, or wealth... ... Because of its long tradition, its links to social status and its integration with cultural activities, Hinduism has had an enormous influence on Indian society. It is not only a religion, but also a way of life for Indians. Works Cited Chopra, P.N., ed. Religions and Communities of India. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1982. "Culture". Welcome to India (1999). 8 Mar. 2000 <http://www.welcometoindia.com/home.html>. de Bary, Wm. Theodore, ed. Sources of Indian Tradition. New York: Columbia UP, 1960. Finegan, Jack. India Today! St. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1955. "Hinduism". Religious Tolerance Organization (1999). 8 Mar.2000 <http://www.religioustolerance.org/hinduism.htm>. Sharma, Arvind, ed. Our Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995. Weber, Max. The Religion of India. Illinois: Glencoe, 1962.

Communication styles Essay

The impact of communication in marriage cannot be overemphasized as it is the main method of solving any crisis or conflict arising. There are different communication styles that can be applied in a marriage, expressiveness, driving, and relativity or analytical are forms of communication that may be used in marriage. Expressers get excited personal, waste time with too many facts or even show emotion to their partners while those with driving communication styles become very decisive and offer strong view points. Those who are relative in the way they are communicating, like positive attention and may want their partners to be helpful. This group of persons however, shies off when real problems come in especially when it comes to handling the children. This communication style is used by young marriages where partners just about 25 years of age get married. Communications styles can also be described as passive, assertive or aggressive. Passive forms communication involves putting the tights of the other partner before yours i.e. minimizing your own self worth at the expense of the marriage. Being assertive means that one partner in the marriage stands up for his or her rights while maintaining respect for the other i. e. all the partners in the marriage are all equal. Aggressiveness is a communication style that ensures that a wife or a husband stands up for his pr her right and in the process violate the rights of the other. This style of communication is usually the worst and may lead to divorce in extreme cases. Marriage resiliency Marriage resiliency is the couple’s capacity to develop and cultivate strengths from each other for the common good of the marriage in order ton meet their challenges . Resiliency can be defined to describe the responsive capabilities, social dynamics that foster health development of the marriage. Resiliency starts from an individual capacity to a family and community level making sure that the marriage bounces back after experiencing non-normative and expected challenges. Family resilience is characterized by invariant approaches that are dimensioned to help families resist any form of disruption in the face of change and become adaptive when a crisis occurs. Immigration and marriage Marriages are usually negatively affected by immigration procedures. Different countries have different laws governing the marriage of its citizens to non-citizens. It is usually an impediment to couples’ relationships because certain laws may offer recognition to one of the partner and the other is left out. However, with the emergence of dual citizenship rights, the issue may in the near future become a thing of the past. ‘Till death do us part? ’ This figure of speech is common in all wedding ceremonies and the couple getting married solemnly swear to the congregation that they will remain together till death do them part. Most critics believe that as long as there are increased cultural differences, modernization of societies and increases in domestic violence, the metaphor no longer makes sense. Every man and woman believes that they can live happily with each other especially when it is based on the performance of the two during courtship. This is not usually the case because immediately after marriage, the two members start quarrelling over this or that. This is the major contributing factor to the family problems and other domestic issues that families experience these days. It has been said that the more society becomes complicated, the more marriages become complicated and finally the more families become complicated. It is however, recommended that a personal commitment to each other within the marriage become the kingpin of the relationship. Lessons learnt from writing on marriage It has been interesting while researching on this topic. It is one of the research works that not only serves as an academic tool but also provides a learning opportunity for a person like me. Marriage is part and parcel of life and majority of the young people would dream of having better lives in future through marriage. Most young people believe that to secure there future and their old age days, they need to have married properly and have children who will look after the in future. Going through the types of marriages, its integration to the family setting and the importance of knowing the exact roles of each partner in a marriage is particularly useful. The various rules and boundaries that must be set to ensure the sustainability and stability of a marriage gives one an overview of how it is possible to develop them in real life situations through the experiences of other people and such kind of research. Therefore, this is one of the rare opportunities in life where one gets to learn more about what directly affects him or her in life. Personally, I feel grateful for the work I have done on this subject and I feel obliged to tell others about the integration of marriage systems in our families to enable them form good families now and in the future Questions for further research Marriage as part of a family practice continues to be complex especially with the emergence of contradicting legislation and complex societies; there is need for further research on; the impacts of different types of marriages on the extended families, development of policies and laws, and the society in general . What are the solutions to these? And what could be the role of governments and learning institutions in maintaining and making sure that marriages serve the purposed they are intended to. Other issues of concern are the ability of people to adopt resilience as a way of recovering from married related violence such as divorce, is divorce the answer to breaking marriages? With advancement in technology including foster mothers, test tube babies and the like, what could be the implications of these in cultural marriages and societies? Conclusion Marriages are forming a family. Marriage roles, rules, resilience abilities, communication styles, and spouse differences are issues that can affect the formation, development and improvement. Good marriage values are important not only for family cohesion but also for societal cultural maintenance. Challenges regarding re-orientation of the marriages within a family are many and common in this modern society, the problem is the manner in which they are currently addressed. References Antonovsky, A. , & Sourani, T (1988): Family sense of coherence and family adaptation.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 79-92 Kaufman, J. , & Ziegler, E. (1987): Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 186-192 McCubbin, H. , & Patterson, J. M. (1983): The family stress process; The Double Helix ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation, Social stress and the family: Advances in family stress theory and research New York pp. 7 -38. Nichols, M. , & Schwartz, R. (2000): Family communications: Concepts and methods, 5th edition, Needham Heights press Rolland, J. S. , & Weine, S. (2000): Kosovar Family Professional Educational Collaborative. AFTA Newsletter, 79, 34-43 Rutter, M. (1987): psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-330 Stacey, J. (1990): Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late 20th century America. New York: Basic Books. Walsh, F. , & McGoldrick, M (1998): Families in later life: Challenge and opportunities. The expanded life cycle Needham Heights, MA: pp. 307-327 Walsh, F. , & McGoldrick, M (1991): Living beyond loss: Death in the family. New York: Norton.

Journal Entries for habit

Journal Entries for habit one and two Habit 1: Be Proactive According to Stephen Covey, being proactive is part of human nature and humans are responsible for their own lives. He indicated the details of a social map which consist of Genetic determinism (Ancestors), Psychic determinism (Parents) and Environment determinism (Boss or something in the environment). The proactive concept was explained further using the Stimulus and Response relationship and the catalyst story of Viltor Frankl. Between Stimulus and Response, man has the ability or freedom to choose.This means one can decide how to reactive to thing or how to handle each situation. What matters most is how we respond to what we experience in life. We need to take initiative and this means recognizing our responsible to make things happen. We need to act or be acted upon. In Covey’s own words, reactive people are also affected by their social environment, by the â€Å"social weather. † When people treat them w ell, they feel well; when people don’t, they become defensive or protective. Proactive people are still influenced by external stimuli, whether physical, social, or psychological.But their response to the stimuli, conscious or unconscious, is a value-based choice or response. Proactive people aren’t pushy. They’re smart, they’re value driven, they read reality, and they know what’s needed. Another important issue he raised in the book is for people to expand their circle of influence. Habit two: Begin with the end in mind According to Covey, â€Å"Begin with the End in Mind† is to begin today with the image, picture, or paradigm of the end of your life as your frame of reference or the criterion by which everything else is examined.It further means to start with a clear understanding of your destination. Using the principle that all things are created twice, Covey said the unique human capacities of self-awareness, imagination, and conscienc e enable us to examine first creations and make it possible for us to take charge of our own first creation, to write our own script. â€Å"Habit 2 is based on principles of personal leadership, which means that leadership is the first creation. Leadership is not management. † Stephen Covey said as he explained the second habit.He further in the book explained that, in business proactive powerful leadership must constantly monitor environmental change, particularly customer buying habits and motives, and provide the force necessary to organize resources in the right direction. Later in the book, Covey stated that, the most effective way he knows to begin with the end in mind is to develop a personal/ family/ organizational mission statement or philosophy or creed. It focuses on what one wants to be and to do (contributions and achievements) and on the values or principles upon which being and doing are based.Visualization and affirmation were also talked about. Shairay Jones Journal Entries for habit three and four Habit Three: Put first things first. To Covey, we are responsible for our own effectiveness, for our own happiness, and ultimately for most of our circumstances. The third habit is the personal fruit of habit 1 and 2. In Habit 3 according to Covey, we are dealing with many of the questions addressed in the field of life and time management. He used an illustration of four quadrants to show the essence of this habit and time management.Quadrant I stood for both urgent and important things. Quadrant III stood for urgent but not important things. Quadrant IV – not important, not urgent things while Quadrant II which is the heart of effective personal management stood for not urgent, but important things. These things to him are what we should put first before any other thing. He also talked about ‘gofer delegation’ and ‘stewardship delegation’ (taking control and giving control out respectively). Part three: Publ ic Victory At this part, Covey talked about the Paradigm of Interdependence.He asked us to remember that effective interdependence can only be built on a foundation of true independence. Private Victory precedes Public Victory. In the same way, Algebra comes before calculus. To expatiate on this point, Covey noted that independence is an achievement. Interdependence is a choice only independent people can make. So the place to begin building any relationship is inside ourselves, inside our Circle of Influence, our own character. Stephen further recollected an incidence he had with his two sons to explain what attending to little things meant.To him, Small discourtesies, little unkindnesses, little forms of disrespect make large withdrawals in our lives. In relationship for instance, the little thing are the big things. Keeping commitments, Clarifying expectations, showing personal integrity, apologizing sincerely when we make a withdrawal from our emotional bank are important things to do to make deposits in to our emotional banks. Covey mentioned that, with the paradigm of the Emotional Bank Account in mind, we’re ready to move into the habits of Public Victory, or success in working with other people.Habit 4: Think win-win (Principles of Interpersonal leadership) Under this heading, Covey narrated his personal experience at work with a company and at the end he noted that, whether you are the president of a company or the janitor, the moment you step from independence into interdependence in any capacity, you step into a leadership role. You are in a position of influencing other people. And the habit of effective interpersonal leadership is to think win-win. In addition, I learnt from this book that, win-win is not a technique but a total philosophy of human interaction.The principle of win-win begins with character then moves to relationship. Everything else is built on character. Maturity is the second foundation for win-win. To Covey, Maturity is the balance between courage and consideration. To go for win-win, you not only have to be nice, you have to be courageous. You not only have to be empathic, you have to be confident. You not only have to be considerate and sensitive, you have to be brave. That’s why we need to be internally matured, according to Stephen Covey.The third characteristic of a win-win case is the abundance mentality, the paradigm that there is plenty out there for everybody. From the foundation of character, we build and maintain win-win relationship. Shairay Jones Journal Entries for habit five, six, and seven Habit 5: Seek first to understand, then to be understood. Principles of Empathic Communication Stephen Covey began this session by saying this â€Å"if I were to summarize in one sentence the single most important principle I have learned in the field of interpersonal relations, it would be this: Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood. To him this principle is the key to effective interpersonal communication. It shows how we have such a tendency to rush in, to fix things up with good advice. But we often fail to take the time to diagnose, to really, deeply understand the problem first. There is a link between character and communication. Communication is the most important skill in life. In addition to communication, Covey emphasized emphatic listening, another important factor aiding the fifth habit. We must always seek first to understand before seeking to be understood.Empathic listening means listening with intent to understand and that is needed for habit 5. Diagnosing before we prescribe is also needed for this habit. Habit 6: Synergy Principles of Creative Cooperation â€Å"Synergy is the essence of Principle-Centered Leadership. It is the essence of principle-centered parenting and it catalyzes, unifies, and unleashes the greatest powers within people. All the habits we have covered prepare us to create the miracle of synergy†. Stephen Covey. He defined synergy to mean that, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.He illustrated this in different scenarios and talked about synergistic communication. He explained that, when you communicate synergistically, you are simply opening your mind and heart and expressions to new possibilities, new alternatives, new options. He talked about synergy in the classroom and in business. Another important thing he talked about was what he called Negative synergy. He also talked about valuing the difference; this to him is the essence of synergy, the mental, the emotional, and the psychological differences between people.And the key to valuing those differences is to realize that all people see the world, not as it is, but as they are. Part four: RENEWAL Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw Over here, he spoke about the principles of balanced self-renewal. This final habit involves taking time to sharpen the saw and it surrounds the other habits on the Seven Habits paradigm because it is the habit that makes all the others possible. According to him, it involves preserving and enhancing the greatest asset we have. Us) â€Å"Sharpen the Saw† basically means expressing all four motivations (physical, spiritual, mental, and social/emotional). It means exercising all four dimensions of our nature, regularly and consistently, in wise and balanced ways. To do this, we must be proactive, according to Covey. He also used the physical dimension, mental dimension, socio/emotional and the spiritual dimension paradigms to explain this point. Furthermore, he noted that balanced renewal is optimally synergetic.The things you do to sharpen the saw in any one dimension have positive impact in other dimensions because they are so highly interrelated. He, at the end, talked about Inside out again by quoting the words of Ezra Taft Benson†¦ â€Å"The Lord works from the inside out. The world works from the outside in. The world would take people out of the slums. Christ takes the slums out of people, and then they take themselves out of the slums. The world would mold men by changing their environment. Christ changes men, who then change their environment.The world would shape human behavior, but Christ can change human nature. † Shairay Jones Advance Reading Seminar The 7 habits of highly effective people Questions 1. What made Stephen R. Covey write the book? 2. Does he think the 7 habits are still relevant today? 3. Did he think the book would have the type of effect it had on the people? 4. Did the book influence him? How? 5. What habit had the most influence on him? 6. Where did he come up with the seven habits? 7. How does he fell to know that his book sold over 15 million? 8. Did he buy the book when it first came out?

Game Theory in Life

Game Theory in Life Game theory is a proposition used for strategic decisions. Mathematical models are used to examine the interaction between the decision makers, the issue at hand, and the cooperation between the decision makers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Game Theory in Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Study The conflict issue is about Iran and Israel. A rivalry for influence and power is emerging between the two nations. Iran is becoming uncomfortable with the regional competition posed by Israel. Iran views such competitionas an intention to undermine her revolutionary system. Israel, on the other hand, is disturbed by Iran’s anti-Jewish ideologies together with her increasing military potential, particularly her nuclear energy programs (United Institute of Peace 1). Israel believes that Iran’s nuclear program will be used to create nuclear weapons, which Iran might use to wipe Israel from the world map . Israel already has nuclear energy programs in place. She is worried about Iran’s intentions and is not interested much in offending Iran unless she believes that Iran has crossed the red line, meaning that she is ready to engage in a nuclear war. Iran is also focused on avoiding to show early offence to Israel since she might be resented by a large section of the international community, or even face combined strikes from the UN and Israel allies. It has demonstrated this by holding talks with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) about inquiries into her atomic bomb research (Thomson Reuters 2). Israel, however, is still convinced that Iran is being cleverly deceptive, and therefore wants to engage her directly. The two countries have to respond to the tension that has built between them, and the results of their response might be beneficial or fatal to both or one of them. Summary of the game Issue: Does either of the countries need to boost her military capabilit y in anticipation of war, or embrace more peaceful strategies in order to facilitate arbitration? The players are Israel and Iran. The actions are boosting military capacity to attack the rival, and receding from war preparations in order to maintain peace. The payoffs for the game include:Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A nation loses resources by fighting an unprepared rival and gets a payoff of (-1). Remember that winning the war does not solve the conflict. The unprepared nation falls if attacked by a well-prepared rival. The defeated nation gets a payoff of (-3). A well-prepared nation fights another well-prepared nation, and the battle ends in a draw, and apayoff of 2is gained by each nation. In this case, both nations defend their resources against the rival’s strategies, say each nation fails to strike well because the other one has ensured perfect se lfprotection against attack. Both nations enjoy peace when Iran makes no weapons and Israel trusts her (each of the nations get a payoff of 3). Embracing peace can work for the benefit of both nations if Iran acts in the interest of peace by not manufacturing nuclear weapons, and Israel trusts Iran. Iran can do this by subduing her nuclear capacities and only arming her military to a level that is normal (for defensive purposes only). Israel, on the other hand, will have to respond optimistically by maintaining peace. Sets of strategies IRAN KEEPS PEACE Signs a peace deal with Israel and respects the deal. IRAN OFFENDS Engages in amassing weapons of mass destruction regardless of what Israel does. Israel agrees to maintain peace and trusts Iran’s promises. Iran subdues her military capacity to defensive level. Israel responds by keeping peace. Iran secretly boosts her military capacity to offensive level. Israel keeps peace assuming that Iran is subduing her mili tary capacity to defensive level. Israel prepares for the big warand eventually attacks regardless of what Iran does Iran subdues her military capacity to defensive but Israel still prepares for the big war. Israel does not trust Iran and still strikes. War results before Iran attains nuclear weapon capacity i.e.; Iran escalates conflict to war and fights to offend. Israel is equally prepared and responds by fighting to offend. War ends in a draw. This equilibrium is inherently stable, i.e. what Israel is doing is optimal given what Iran is doing and vice versa and thus none of them would regret her move. 3, 3 Both agree to maintain peace and subdue their military capacities to a normal/defensive level. (Nashequilibrium) -1, -3 One of the nation fights. -3, -1 One of the nation fights. 2, 2 Both fight and battle ends in a draw (none wins) (Nash Equilibrium) 3, 3 is the oneset of stable strategies, and is the first Nash equilibrium. In this set, if both countries keep peace and limit their military capacities to just normal (for defensive purpose only), then neither of them would wish to strike because such a move is unprofitable because it gives a payoff of (-1). 2, 2 is also a stable set and is the second Nash equilibrium.If both nations beef up their military capacities to levels that escalate conflict and result in war, then none of them would wish to recede. Receding gives a payoff of (-3), which is the worst payoff in the game. Neither of the nations would want to fall whether in the presence or absence of war. In a Nash equilibrium, all players follow some rule or natural law, in this case, the law is to survive whether in presence or absence of war, without focusing on any incentive (Boleslavsky, â€Å"Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium† 6). A best responseis a strategy a where player cannot gain more utility by switching to another strategy.Best responses for Israel are:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Game Theory in Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More to keep peace if Iran keeps peace, and gain a payoff of 3 instead of fightingher for a payoff of (-1). to fight back if Iran escalates the conflict to a war,and get a payoff of (2), instead of (-3) obtained from receding. Israel’s best responses are marked by asterisks in the table below: 3*, 3 None fights the other (Nash equilibrium) -1, -3 Iran fights but Israel recedes -3, -1 Iran keeps peace and Israel fights 2*, 2 Both fight (Nash equilibrium) Best responses for Iran areto keep peace and get a 3 if Israel keeps peace, instead of getting (-1) by fighting, and to fight back and get a 2 if Israel escalates conflict into a war, and avoid a payoff of (-3) that would be gained from keeping peace. Iran’s best responses are marked by asterisks in the table below: 3, 3* Agree to subdue military capacity to just normal/defensive -1, -3 One fights -3, -1 One fights 2, 2* Both fight and draw (equally prepared for war) In the two sets of equilibrium, no player has an incentive to change her strategy, each has to respond to the other’s actions in a manner that would optimize her utility and therefore: Only individual deviations are useful. There are no useful group deviations. Due to the different weights placed on various strategies, an algorithm for a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium has to be developed. It will allow us to find the mixed strategies available to each of players, which are meant to make their rival indifferent in her choices (Boleslavsky, â€Å"Dynamic Games† 5). Mixed strategies in this case are strategies that: Israel can use to make Iran indifferent on whether to embrace peace or fuel the conflict. Iran can use to make Israel indifferent on whether to embrace peace or fuel the conflict. To come up with this algorithm: Let P1 stand for move towards embracing peace by Iran, and P2 stand for move towards emb racing peace by Israel. Let W1 stand for move towards escalating conflict by Iran,and W2 stand for move towards escalating conflict by Israel. Whenever Israel choses to embrace peace, i.e. avoid anticipating for war by trustingIran, and avoid launching attacks, Iran can chose a randomization strategy to either amass weapons secretly or embrace peace by keeping her military capacity at defensive level only.Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If Iran choses to embrace peace, i.e. tame her behavior in nuclear program, and keep her military capacity at defensive level, Israel may randomize her choices between trusting Iran so as to embrace peace, and launching war regardless of Iran’s promises to tame herbehavior in the nuclear program. Each country’s mixed strategy is aimed at making the other one’s payoffs (expected utilities) averagely the same, whether they chose to escalate the conflict or embrace peace. Israel’s Mixed Strategy Israel’s mixed strategy is one that makes Iran’s Expected Utility (EU)for choosing to escalate conflict as a pure strategy, equal to that gained from embracing peace as a pure strategy. This can be represented as: EUP1 = EUR1 Iran’s expected utility for choosing peace is a function of a mixed strategy where Israel choses peace as shown below: EUP1 = f (ÏÆ'U) The same applies if Iran choses to escalate the conflict as shown: EUw1 = f (ÏÆ'U) Isra el’s mixed strategy can be solved by examiningthe expected utility for Iran’s move to limit military capacity and be honest, as a function of mixed strategy for Israel’smove to trust Iran, and embrace peace. 3, 3* -1, -3 -3, -1 2, 2* For Israel’s mixed strategy Some percentage of the time, Iran is getting a 3 when Israel moves towards peace, and a (-1) the rest of the time when Israel plays towards causing war. Iran’s expected utility for playing towards peace is: EUP1 = ÏÆ'U(3) + (1 ÏÆ'U)(-1), whereby (1 ÏÆ'U) is the percentage of this time when Israel moves towards war. Similarly, Iran’s expected utility for choosing conflict is EUW1 = ÏÆ'U(-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2) Since EUP1 = EUw1,yet we haveEUP1 = ÏÆ'U (3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (-1), and EUW1 = ÏÆ'U (-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2): ÏÆ'U (3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (-1) = ÏÆ'U (-3) + (1 ÏÆ'U) (2) By simplifying this, 3ÏÆ'U – 1 + ÏÆ'U = -3ÏÆ'U + 2 2ÏÆ'U 3ÏÆ'U + ÏÆ'U + 3ÏÆ'U + 2ÏÆ'U =2 + 1, therefore 9ÏÆ'U =3 ÏÆ'U =1/3 meaning that if Israel plays towards peace 1/3rd of the time, and towards causing war 2/3rd of the time, then Iran is indifferent on whether to escalate the conflict or tame her nuclear activities and avoid war. Iran’s Mixed Strategy When the same method is applied for Iran’s mixed strategies; EUP2 = EUW2 EUP2 = f (ÏÆ'W1) The same applies if Iran choses to escalate the conflict as shown: EUW2 = f (ÏÆ'W1) EUP2 = EUW2yet we haveEUP2 = ÏÆ'W1 (3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (-1), and EUW2 = ÏÆ'W1 (-3) + (1 – ÏÆ'1) (2): ÏÆ'W1 (3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (-1) = ÏÆ'W1 (-3) + (1 – ÏÆ'W1) (2) By simplifying this, 3ÏÆ'W1– 1 + ÏÆ'W1= -3ÏÆ'W1+ 2 + 2ÏÆ'W1 3ÏÆ'W1 + ÏÆ'W1+ 3ÏÆ'W1+ 2ÏÆ'W1=2 + 1 ÏÆ'W1=1/3 This result means that if Iran plays towards peace 1/3rd of the time and towards war 2/3rdof the time, then Israel is indifferent on whether to escalate the conflict or attack her, and cause war. As a result of this outc ome, the optimal strategy for the nationsis for both Israel and Iran to play towards peace with probability 1/3, and away from it with probability 2/3, so that none of them can change her strategy in a way that can give her competitive advantage over her rival. Boleslavsky, Raphael. Dynamic Games 1 (2011): 5. Boleslavsky, Raphael. Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium. 1 (2011): 6. Thomson Reuters. â€Å"U.N. Nuclear Agency in Talks about Talks with Iran.†The Reuters. Mon Apr 22, 2013: 1-3. Print. United Institute of Peace. â€Å"Israel and Iran: A Dangerous Rivalry from Iran Primer.†The Iran Primer.January 10 (2012):1. Print.

Birmingham Essays - Birmingham, Ladywood, Edgbaston, Smethwick

Birmingham Essays - Birmingham, Ladywood, Edgbaston, Smethwick Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside London. Birmingham is home to five universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University, Birmingham City University, University College Birmingham and Newman University Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. Birmingham Metropolitan College is one of the largest further education colleges in the country,[213] with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham. Birmingham has 571 parks. One of Birmingham's most popular parks is Cannon Hill Park consisting of formal, conservation, woodland and sports areas. Recreational activities at the park include boating, fishing, tennis, putting and picnic areas. The largest of the parks is Sutton Park making it the largest urban nature reserve in Europe. Birmingham Botanical Gardens are a Victorian creation, with a conservatory and bandstand, close to the city centre. The Winterbourne Botanic Garden, maintained by the University of Birmingham, is also located close to the city centre. The city centre includes of numerous public squares among them are Centenary Square, Chamberlain Square and Victoria Square. The historic Old Square is located on Corporation Street. Rotunda Square and St Martin's Square are two of the newest squares in Birmingham. The Library of Birmingham is the new home for the largest municipal library in Europe. The former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe. Healthcare The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Edgbaston houses the largest critical care unit in Europe. There are several major National Health Service hospitals in Birmingham. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, adjacent to the Birmingham Medical School in Edgbaston, houses the largest critical care unit in Europe,and is also the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, treating military personnel injured in conflict zones. Museums and galleries Birmingham has two major public art collections Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery. The council also owns other museums in the city such as Aston Hall, Blakesley Hall, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Soho House and Sarehole Mill. The Birmingham Back to Backs are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city. Cadbury World is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the history of chocolate and the company. Thinktank is Birmingham's main science museum, with a giant screen cinema, a planetarium and a collection that includes the Smethwick Engine, the world's oldest working steam engine.

Definition and Examples of Ambiguity in English

Definition and Examples of Ambiguity in English Ambiguity (pronounced am-big-YOU-it-tee) is the presence of two or more possible meanings in a single passage.  The word comes from a Latin term which means, wandering about and the adjective form of the word is ambiguous.  Other terms used for ambiguity are  amphibologia, amphibolia, and  semantic ambiguity.  In addition, ambiguity is sometimes regarded as a  fallacy  (commonly known as  equivocation)  in which the same term is used in more than one way.   In speech and writing, there are two basic types of ambiguity: Lexical ambiguity  is the  presence of two or more possible meanings within a single wordSyntactic ambiguity  is the presence of two or more possible  meanings  within a single sentence or sequence of words Examples and Observations Brave men run in my family.– Bob Hope as Painless Peter Potter in The Paleface, 1948As I was leaving this morning, I said to myself, The last thing you must do is forget your speech. And, sure enough, as I left the house this morning, the last thing I did was to forget my speech.– Rowan AtkinsonI cant tell you how much I enjoyed meeting your husband.– William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1947We saw her duck is a paraphrase of We saw her lower her head and of We saw the duck belonging to her, and these last two sentences are not paraphrases of each other. Therefore We saw her duck is ambiguous.– James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith, Semantics: A Coursebook, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2007Roy Rogers: More hay, Trigger?Trigger: No thanks, Roy, Im stuffed!Pentagon Plans Swell Deficit– newspaper headlineI cant recommend this book too highly.Leahy Wants FBI to Help Corrupt Iraqi Police Force–headline at CNN.com, Dec ember 2006Prostitutes Appeal to Pope– newspaper headline Union Demands Increased Unemployment– newspaper headlineThanks for dinner. I’ve never seen potatoes cooked like that before.– Jonah Baldwin in the film Sleepless in Seattle, 1993 Because Because can be ambiguous. I didnt go to the party because Mary was there may mean that Marys presence dissuaded me from going or that I went to sample the canapes.– David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style. Guardian Books, 2010 Pun and Irony Quintilian uses amphibolia (III.vi.46) to mean ambiguity, and tells us (Vii.ix.1) that its species are innumerable; among them, presumably, are Pun and Irony.– Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991An ambiguity, in ordinary speech, means something very pronounced, and as a rule witty or deceitful. I propose to use the word in an extended sense: any verbal nuance, however slight, which gives room for alternative reactions to the same piece of language... We call it ambiguous, I think, when we recognize that there could be a puzzle as to what the author meant, in that alternative views might be taken without sheer misreading. If a pun is quite obvious it would not be called ambiguous, because there is no room for puzzling. But if an irony is calculated to deceive a section of its readers, I think it would ordinarily be called ambiguous.– William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1947

Discovery of a Time Capsule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discovery of a Time Capsule - Essay Example Time capsule has numerous benefits and limitations. Among the benefits of time Capsule include: they help Archeologist and future generation to learn about the development of human race and the society at large. In addition, Time Capsule provides vital information concerning people way of life in a given region at a given period. However, despite those benefits, Time Capsule tends to have some limitations. Among those limitations include: they may not adequately provided all the relevant information regarding people in a particular region. In addition, they tend to be based on a particular geographical location and hence, some of the most important facts regarding the entire nations may not be communicated. In addition, capsule tend to be buried on the ground whereby, the archeologist and future generation may not access them items and hence, making them quite an effective method of communication (Rosenberg, 2013).Therefore, this study aims to provide an insight of the five items wer e found in a time capsule of 1960 by Archeologist in the year 2325.In addition, the study will explain the importance of the five items found in defining the era of the 1960s. 1. Describe each of the five items you have found. The five items that were found in the 1960s capsule include: a letter containing information on Vietnam War, a piece of paper containing anti war songs, DVD and CD’S Containing 1960’s of 1960 and photographs of the assassinated political leaders. The letter A letter containing information on Vietnam War was written by Dien Hu to the U.S president requesting for their support after Dien Hu, a French Leader, was defeated by a revolutionary leader, Ho Chi Minh. The letter was further explained the causes of war as well as reasons why United State was involved in the Vietnam War in 1960’s.Based on the letter, the war erupted as a result of political and economic differences between the U.S and Vietnamese regarding the issue of communism. Where by, the United State was against the idea of having communist society because it pulled down the economic development a country. Additionally, the U.S feared that communism might spread into their entire region. However, having U.S being involved in the war, the U.S involvement was not to win the war but to help southern Vietnamese who dint like the idea of communism to take over the leadership. The U.S increased its military troops in Vietnam in the year 1965 to 1969 in order to try and defeat supporters of communism. However, U.S troops faced great challenges because they did not fully understood about the topography of Vietnam where Guerilla warfare tactics were being applied by their opponents (Rosenberg, 2013). Apiece of paper containing songs The paper contained the songs of the year 1960’s that were communicating vital message concerning the American people traditions, culture, society, theirs struggles. The most important messages contained in letter emphasized on the words like; change is goanna come and people must get ready for the struggle. For example, the song by Aretha Franklin containing the song â€Å"Respect† communicated vital message concerning struggle of the American people against racial discrimination especially among the black Americans. In his song Mr. Franklin was trying to communicate vital message to the American and society at large on the importance of respecting all kinds of people